[minc] / minc

#! /usr/bin/env perl

# $Id$

=head1 NAME

B<minc> - incorporate mail from a maildir into mh folders

=head1 SYNOPSIS

B<minc> [B<-m> I<MAX>] [B<-n>]

B<minc> B<-d>

B<minc> B<-h>

=head1 DESCRIPTION

B<minc> incorporates mail from a maildir to a mh folder hierarchy.  It
takes mail from a maildir folder (not a maildir folder hierarchy),
running each message through regular expression based filter and hook
functions to determine in which folder to store it or whether it's
spam.  Post-processing hooks may be applied to each message.

As it processes each message, B<minc> prints a line for each message
similar to B<inc(1)> and B<scan(1)>.  This line includes the folder
and message number in which the message was stored, the last 'From'
header, and the last 'Subject' header.  These fields are truncated to
fit in the user's terminal (see COLUMNS in B<ENVIRONMENT> below) in
the following proportions: folder (0.1), message number (0.0625), from
header (0.175).  Any of these may be overridden with $SCAN_P_FOLDER,
$SCAN_P_MESSAGE, or $SCAN_P_FROM.  The subject always fills out the
rest of the line.

=cut

use strict;
use warnings;

use Data::Dumper;
use Errno;
use Fcntl qw(O_WRONLY O_EXCL O_CREAT);
use FileHandle;
use File::Temp qw(tempfile);
use File::stat;
use Getopt::Long qw(:config gnu_getopt no_ignore_case);
use POSIX qw(strftime WEXITSTATUS WIFEXITED);
use Pod::Usage;

our $VERSION = 1;

# If a filter set's header is $MAGIC_TO_TOKEN, that set is compared
# against headers matching this regex (taken from procmail).
my $MAGIC_TO_REGEX = '^((Original-)?(Resent-)?(To|Cc|Bcc)|(X-Envelope |Apparently(-Resent)?)-To)';
my $MAGIC_TO_TOKEN = ' TO';

# List of SPAM message numbers, scanned at the end so the user can
# check for false positives.
my @SPAM;

=head1 OPTIONS

=over 4

=item B<-d>

Dump (using Data::Dumper) the FILTERS list and exit.  This is useful
for testing the syntax of .minc.

=item B<-h>

Show help.

=item B<-m> I<MAX>

Stop processing after I<MAX> messages.

=item B<-n>

Dry run; do not actually incorporate the mail, but log and report to
stdout/stderr as normal.

=back

=cut

my $dumpfilters;
my $help;
my $maxmsgs;
my $norun;

GetOptions(
           'd' => \$dumpfilters,
           'h|help' => \$help,
           'm=i' => \$maxmsgs,
           'n' => \$norun,
          ) or pod2usage();
$help and pod2usage(-exitstatus=>0, -verbose=>1);
@ARGV == 0 or pod2usage();

our $run = !$norun;

=head1 ENVIRONMENT

=over 4

=item COLUMNS

How many columns the user's terminal can hold, used to print scan
lines for each processed message.  Defaults to 80.

=item HOME

Where the configuration file (.minc) is found.  Also,
$HOME/Maildir is used for the maildir if MAILDIR is not set.

=item MAILDIR

Where mail is delivered.

=back

=cut

use Env qw(COLUMNS HOME MAILDIR);

$COLUMNS ||= 80;

if (not $HOME) {
    die("HOME environment variable must be set.\n");
}
if (not $MAILDIR) {
    $MAILDIR = "$HOME/Maildir";
}

=head1 FILES

=over 4

=item $HOME/.minc

This file is Perl code (included via the 'require' directive) which
may define the FILTERS list, @start_hooks, @filter_hooks,
@post_store_hooks, and @stop_hooks.

=item `mhpath +`/.folders

B<minc> adds all folders it filters into to this file, which is used
by lukem's B<new(1)> (XXX need a link).

=item `mhpath +`/logs/minc.log

Where B<minc> logs what it does, unless in -n mode.

=item `mhpath +`/logs/dryrun.log

Where B<minc> logs what it would do; used in -n mode.

=item `mhpath +`/.minc.context

B<minc> uses this file for context (i.e. current folder) instead of
`mhpath +`/context.  This allows you some amount of freedom to use mh
while B<minc> is running.  For example, you can changed folders without
causing a message to be stored in the wrong folder.  Care must still
be taken, however, about the unseen sequence; if you change it
(whether via show, or mark, or anything else) while in the same folder
as B<minc>, it is likely the new message B<minc> stores will not end up
marked unseen.

=back

=cut

our @FILTERS;
our (@start_hooks, @stop_hooks, @filter_hooks, @post_store_hooks);
our $SCAN_P_FOLDER = 0.1;
our $SCAN_P_MESSAGE = 0.0625;
our $SCAN_P_FROM = 0.175;

my $mh;
my $logfile;

$mh = `mhpath +`;
chomp($mh);

if ($run) {
    $logfile = $mh . '/logs/minc.log';
} else {
    $logfile = $mh . '/logs/dryrun.log';
}

$ENV{"MHCONTEXT"} = $mh . '/.minc.context';

\f
###############################################################################
# Logging

sub mylog {
    my $timestamp = strftime('%b %e %H:%M:%S', localtime);
    my $msg;
    foreach my $part (@_) {
        if (defined($part)) {
            $msg .= $part;
        }
    }
    # no newlines in the log message, thanks
    $msg =~ s/\n/ /gm;

    open(LOG, ">>$logfile") or die("open(>>$logfile): $!");
    print(LOG "$timestamp $msg\n") or die("print(>>$logfile): $!");
    close(LOG) or die("close($logfile): $!");
}

sub logheader {
    my ($text, @contents) = @_;
    my $last;

    if (@contents) {
        $last = $contents[-1];
    } else {
        $last = '';
    }

    mylog('<< ', $text, $last);
}

sub log_headers {
    my %headers = @_;

    # For an explanation of the %headers structure, see the
    # get_headers function below.
    logheader('From:       ', @{$headers{'return-path'}});
    logheader('To:         ', @{$headers{'to'}});
    logheader('Subject:    ', @{$headers{'subject'}});
    logheader('Message-Id: ', @{$headers{'message-id'}});
}

\f
###############################################################################
# Utility procedures

sub mkfolder {
    my $folder = shift;
    my $target;
    my $component;

    $target = $mh;
    foreach $component (split('/', $folder)) {
        $target = join('/', $target, $component);
        -d $target or mkdir($target) or die("mkdir($target): $!");
    }
}

sub getfiles {
    my $dir = shift;
    my @result;

    if (not opendir(DIR, $dir)) {
        die("opendir($dir): $!");
    }

    # Initialize $! to 0 (success) because stupid stupid Perl provides
    # no way to distinguish an error from an empty directory; that
    # means setting $! to 0 and testing it afterwards is the only way
    # to detect an error.  Real Programmers don't handle errors,
    # right?  >sigh<
    $! = 0;
    @result = readdir(DIR);
    if ($! != 0) {
        die("readdir($dir): $!");
    }

    if (@result <= 2) {
        exit(0);
    }

    STDOUT->autoflush(1);
    print(@result - 2, " messages...");

    closedir(DIR);

    return @result;
}

sub get_highest_msgnum {
    my $mhfolder = shift;
    my $dir;
    my @list;
    my $highest;
    my $msgnum;

    $dir = "$mh/$mhfolder";
    if (not opendir(DIR, $dir)) {
        die("opendir($dir): $!");
    }

    # Insert rant from getfiles here.
    $! = 0;
    @list = readdir(DIR);

    if ($! != 0) {
        die("readdir($dir): $!");
    }

    closedir(DIR);

    $highest = 0;
    foreach $msgnum (@list) {
        # Look for integers.
        if ($msgnum =~ /^[0-9]+$/) {
            if ($msgnum > $highest) {
                $highest = $msgnum;
            }
        }
    }

    return $highest;
}

sub store_message {
    my $msg = shift;
    my $mhfolder = shift;
    my $msgnum;
    my $try;
    my $mhmsg;
    my $status;

    # We must do this even in -n mode because later steps fail without
    # it.  This should be harmless.
    mkfolder($mhfolder);

    # This loop is a modified version of the maildir delivery algorithm.
    $msgnum = get_highest_msgnum($mhfolder);
    for ($try = 0; ; $try++) {
        $msgnum++;
        $mhmsg = "$mh/$mhfolder/$msgnum";

        if (not stat($mhmsg)) {
            if ($!{ENOENT}) {
                # Now we have a non-existent file, let's try to create
                # it.  We must create a zero-byte file first because a
                # file my appear between our happy stat results and
                # our later rename(2), which would clobber said file.
                # So attempt to create a file with this name.  If it
                # succeeds, in just a bit here we'll knowingly clobber
                # this file with the rename(2) call.

                # Another way to do this is not to use rename(2), but
                # use link(2) + unlink(2) instead.  That's how the
                # standard maildir algorithm does it.  Each method has
                # a disadvantage: the program may crash between the
                # link(2) and unlink(2) calls.  With the standard
                # maildir algorithm, that means the message will end
                # up duplicated.  The advantage of creating an empty
                # file followed by rename(2) is that an extra empty
                # file is left behind as opposed to a duplicate
                # message.  This is more easily detected by the user.
                if ($run) {
                    if (sysopen(MSG, $mhmsg,
                                O_WRONLY | O_EXCL | O_CREAT, 0600)) {
                        close(MSG);
                        last;
                    }
                } else {
                    last;
                }
            }
        }

        # This algorithm is different from the maildir one; let's make
        # 10 tries instead of 3.
        if ($try == 9) {
            die("Attempted filename $mhmsg exists.");
        }

        # This algorithm is different; i don't think we need to sleep.
        #sleep(2);
    }

    mylog('+', $mhfolder);

    if ($run) {
        if (not rename($msg, $mhmsg)) {
            die("rename($msg, $mhmsg): $!");
        }

        # Mark each message as soon as we store it and bomb if that
        # fails.  While it is slow, it is not safe to store multiple
        # messages and then have a failure before marking some (or
        # all).
        if ($mhfolder eq 'SPAM') {
            push(@SPAM, $msgnum);
        } else {
            $status = system('mark', "+$mhfolder", "$msgnum", '-sequence',
                             'unseen', '-add');
            # XXX need to handle signalled and stopped, and print
            # the exit code or signal number.
            if (not WIFEXITED($status)) {
                die("Failed to run mark");
            } elsif (WEXITSTATUS($status) != 0) {
                die("Failed to mark message unseen.");
            }
        }
    }

    return $msgnum;
}

# Parse a message file into a structure describing the headers.  The
# structure is a hash of arrays.  The hash keys are the names of the
# headers found in the message, made all lower-case.  Each item in
# the hash is an array of header text.  The array has one element
# per occurrence of the header.  Most headers will only have a single
# element because they occur only once.  The Received header is the
# most common header with multiple texts.
sub get_headers {
    my $msg = shift;
    my %headers;
    my $current;                # current header, used for unfolding lines
    my $fieldname;              # unmolested header name
    my $contents;               # contents of header

    open(MSG, $msg) or die("open(MSG, $msg): $!");
    while (<MSG>) {
        chomp;
        if (length == 0) {
            last;
        }

        if (/^\s/) {
            # folded header continuation

            if (not defined($current)) {
                warn('Malformed message, cannot parse headers.');
                next;
            }

            @{$headers{$current}}[-1] .= $_;
        } else {
            ($fieldname) = split(/:/);
            $current = lc($fieldname);
            (undef, $contents) = split(/^\Q$fieldname\E:\s*/);

            if (defined($headers{$current})) {
                # multiple occurence of same header
                push(@{$headers{$current}}, $contents);
            } else {
                # first occurence of a header
                $headers{$current} = [$contents];
            }
        }
    }
    close(MSG);

    return %headers;
}

\f
###############################################################################
# Filtering

sub find_mh_folder {
    my $msg = shift;
    my %headers = @_;
    my $filterref;
    my @filter;
    my $header;
    my $contents;
    my $pair;
    my $match;
    my $expression;
    my $result;

    if (not %headers) {
        return 'malformed';
    }

    # Walk the list of filters.  This structure is documented in
    # pod at the end of the program.
    foreach $filterref (@FILTERS) {
        @filter = @$filterref;
        $header = shift(@filter);

        # Handle filters using the magic TO header specially.
        if ($header eq $MAGIC_TO_TOKEN) {
            foreach $header (keys(%headers)) {
                if ($header =~ /$MAGIC_TO_REGEX/i) {
                    foreach $contents (@{$headers{lc($header)}}) {
                        foreach $pair (@filter) {
                            ($match, $expression) = @$pair;
                            if ($contents =~ /$match/i) {
                                if (eval "\$result = \"$expression\"") {
                                    return $result;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            # Now that it's been processed specially, skip normal handling.
            next;
        }

        # Walk the list of message headers matching the filter's
        # specified header.
        foreach $contents (@{$headers{lc($header)}}) {
            # Walk the filter's list of match/expression pairs.
            foreach $pair (@filter) {
                ($match, $expression) = @$pair;
                if ($contents =~ /$match/i) {
                    if (eval "\$result = \"$expression\"") {
                        return $result;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return 'inbox';
}

sub filter_mail {
    my $msgcount = @_ - 2; # don't count . and ..
    my $len = length($msgcount);
    my @baton;
    my $msg;
    my $mhfolder;
    my $spam = 0;
    my $saved = 0;
    my $msgnum;
    my %folders;

    if (-f "$HOME/.minc") {
        require "$HOME/.minc";
    }

    # XXX lame names
    my $nf = int($COLUMNS * $SCAN_P_FOLDER);
    my $nm = int($COLUMNS * $SCAN_P_MESSAGE);
    my $nF = int($COLUMNS * $SCAN_P_FROM);
    my $ns = $COLUMNS - $nf - $nm - $nF - 3;

    my %batons;
    for my $hook (@start_hooks) {
        my ($handle, @baton) = $hook->();
        if (defined($handle)) {
            $batons{$handle} = [@baton];
        }
    }

    for $msg (@_) {
        ($msg eq '.' or $msg eq '..') and next;

        my %headers = get_headers($msg);
        log_headers(%headers);

        undef($mhfolder);
        for my $hook (@filter_hooks) {
            my $result = $hook->(\%batons, \%headers, $msg);
            defined($result) and ($mhfolder = $result);
        }

        defined($mhfolder) or ($mhfolder = find_mh_folder($msg, %headers));

        $msgnum = store_message($msg, $mhfolder);
        $folders{$mhfolder}++;

        if ($mhfolder eq 'SPAM') {
            $spam++;
        } else {
            $saved++;
            my $from = '';
            my $subject = '';
            # Sometimes these headers are missing...
            eval { $from = [@{$headers{'from'}}]->[-1] };
            eval { $subject = [@{$headers{'subject'}}]->[-1] };
            for ($from, $subject) {
                tr/\x00-\x1f\x80-\xff/ /;
            }
            print("\r");
            print(' ' x $COLUMNS);
            printf("\r\%-${nf}s \%${nm}d \%-${nF}s \%s\n",
                   substr($mhfolder, 0, $nf), substr($msgnum, 0, $nm),
                   substr($from, 0, $nF),
                   substr($subject, 0, $ns));
        }

        for my $hook (@post_store_hooks) {
            $hook->(\%batons, \%headers, $mhfolder, $msgnum);
        }

        print("\r");
        printf(" \%${len}d SPAM \%${len}d saved \%${len}d/%1d",
               $spam, $saved, $spam + $saved, $msgcount);

        defined($maxmsgs) and ($spam + $saved < $maxmsgs or last);
    }
    print("\n");

    for my $hook (@stop_hooks) {
        $hook->(\%batons);
    }

    return %folders;
}

sub update_folders {
    my $folders = shift;
    my ($fh, $fn);

    if (open($fh, "$mh/.folders")) {
        while (<$fh>) {
            chomp;
            $folders->{$_}++;
        }
    } elsif (not $!{ENOENT}) {
        # For ENOENT, we go ahead and create it, else we error and
        # don't clobber it.
        warn("open($mh/.folders): $!");
        return;
    }

    eval { ($fh, $fn) = tempfile("$mh/.folders.XXXXX") };
    if ($@) {
        warn("$@");
        return;
    }

    print($fh "inbox\n");
    for my $folder (sort(keys(%$folders))) {
        $folder eq 'inbox' and next;
        print($fh "$folder\n");
    }

    if (not close($fh)) {
        warn("close($fn): $!");
        unlink($fn) or warn("unlink($fn): $!");
        return;
    }

    rename($fn, "$mh/.folders") or warn("rename($fn, $mh/.folders): $!");
}

\f
MAIN: {
    my $st;

    if ($dumpfilters) {
        require "$HOME/.minc";
        $Data::Dumper::Indent = 1;
        print(Dumper(\@FILTERS));
        exit;
    }

    chdir("$MAILDIR/new") or die("chdir($MAILDIR/new): $!");
    my %folders = filter_mail(map { $_->[1] }
                sort { $a->[0] <=> $b->[0] }
                map {
                    if (not ($st = stat($_))) {
                        die("stat($_): $!");
                    }
                    [$st->mtime, $_]
                }
                getfiles('.'));

    $run and update_folders(\%folders);

    @SPAM and (exec('scan', '+SPAM', @SPAM) or die);
}

\f
__END__

=head1 THE FILTERS STRUCTURE

Each element of @FILTERS is a filter.  A filter is itself an array.
The first element of a filter is a string, the name of the header this
filter acts upon.  The header name is not case-sensitive.  Each
subsequent element of a filter is a pair (i.e. a two-element array):
first, a regular expression B<minc> uses to determine whether this
filter matches or not, and second, an expression which B<minc>
evaluates to get the folder name.

B<minc> decides where to store a message by iterating over the
@FILTERS array.  It tests each regexp of each filter against all
headers matching that filter's specified header.  As soon as a match
is found, B<minc> evaluates the second part of the pair.  This part
may contain positional parameters from the matched regexp ($1, $2,
etc.).  The result of this expression is used as the folder name.

Multiple occurrences of the same header are preserved and tested
individually against the filters.  That means, for example, that
filters can search all the Received headers for a certain string.

It is important to note that all the arrays of the @FILTERS structure
are traversed I<in order>.  This means the filters can be arranged so
that some have priority over others.  XXX: get Doug to write an
example of having the same header matched more than once.

Lastly, B<minc> supports a magic ' TO' header.  Filters using this
header are matched against a collection of headers related to (and
including) the To.  Which headers to use is determined by a regular
expression borrowed from procmail.

=head1 HOOKS

Filter hooks take a reference to a hash of batons, a reference to a
hash of headers, and the message filename as arguments.  It returns
undef to decline filtering of this message (thus falling back to
subsequent filter hooks, and finally @FILTERS), or the name of the
folder to store this message into.

One of B<minc>'s global variables is available to the user-defined
hooks: $run.  This boolean should be honored; hooks should only take
real action (i.e. removing or creating files, running external
programs, etc.) if $run is non-zero.

The baton hash is created simply from the start hooks; if the hook
returns at least one defined value, this value is used as the key and
all other return values are put into a list reference as the value.
This hash is then passed by reference to all filter, post-store, and
stop hooks.

Post store hooks take a reference to a hash of batons, a reference to
a hash of headers, the folder this message was stored in, and its new
message number.

XXX: need more details about the hook process; for now read the code.

=head1 EXAMPLES

@FILTERS = (

  ['List-Id',
   ['<([[:graph:]]+)-([[:graph:]]+)\.lists\.sourceforge\.net>', 'l/$1/$2'],
   ['<([[:graph:]]+?)(-list)?\.freedesktop\.org>', 'l/freedesktop/$1'],
   ['<swig\.cs\.uchicago\.edu>', 'l/swig'],
  ],

  ['List-Post',
   ['<mailto:([[:graph:]]+)+@([[:graph:]]+)\.apache\.org>', 'l/apache/$2/$1'],
  ],

  ['To',
   ['root', 'root'],
  ],
);

The first List-Id filter is a surprisingly effective one which creates
appropriate folder names (such as l/htdig/updates and l/rox/devel) for
all Sourceforge lists to which i subscribe.  Certainly there are lists
hosted at Sourceforge which do not work well with this, and this is
where it is important to remember that the first match is the one
uses.  Simply put the more specific rules before this one.

The next List-Id example is simple.  The swig example demonstrates
that the folder name does not have to use a portion of the matched
header; you can just hardcode the folder name.

The List-Post example is a nice one.  Most ASF projects have their own
apache.org subdomain, with mailing lists hosted there.  So, given a
list such as dev@httpd.apache.org, this filter will create the folder
name l/apache/httpd/dev.

XXX Need hook examples.

=head1 AUTHORS

Written by Eric Gillespie <epg@pretzelnet.org>.  Design by Eric
Gillespie and Doug Porter <dsp@waterspout.com>.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself.

=cut

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